Go back to "Our freshwater 2020"
Go back to "Our freshwater 2020"

Environmental reporting series, Acknowledgements, and References

Published:

An older kid standing in a river, helping a young kid who is sitting in an inflated rate with a paddle.

Published:

PDF download,Our freshwater 2020, 7.9 MB
Summary report PDF download,Our freshwater 2020: Summary, 1016 KB

Published:

PDF download,Our freshwater 2020, 7.9 MB
Summary report PDF download,Our freshwater 2020: Summary, 1016 KB
Two small children are crossing a wire swing bridge barefoot. The bridge is above a wide, slow-moving river. Native trees and a building are visible in the background.
Hutt River, Kaitoke Regional Park.

Image: Ministry for the Environment

Acknowledgements

The Ministry for the Environment and Stats NZ would like to thank the following people and organisations for their invaluable contribution to Our freshwater 2020 and Environmental indicators Te taiao Aotearoa.

Data providers

We thank the following for providing data for this report:

  • Cawthron Institute
  • Department of Conservation
  • Land Water People
  • LAWA
  • Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research
  • NIWA
  • regional councils.

Senior Science and Mātauranga Team

We are very grateful for the assistance of the Senior Science and Mātauranga Team, who provided advice and feedback on draft versions of this report:

  • Anne-Gaelle Ausseil: Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research
  • Clive Howard-Williams: NIWA
  • Erica Williams: NIWA
  • James Renwick: Victoria University of Wellington
  • Jane Kitson: Kitson Consulting.

We also acknowledge Alistair Allan (Greater Wellington Regional Council) and Merilyn Merrett (Friends of Waiwhetu Stream) who provided information for the Waiwhetu Stream case study, and Jane Goodman (Department of Conservation) who provided advice and information for the īnanga infographic series.

This report was compiled by the Ministry for the Environment and Stats NZ’s Environmental Reporting team.

Infographics

All infographics were created by Dumpark Information Design.

References

Andreasen, JK, O’Neill, RV, Noss, R, & Slosser, NC (2001). Considerations for the development of a terrestrial index of ecological integrity. Ecological Indicators, 1(1), 21–35. doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00007-3

August, SM, & Hicks, BJ (2008). Water temperature and upstream migration of glass eels in New Zealand: Implications of climate change. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 81(2), 195–205. doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9191-z

Ausseil, AGE, Chadderton, WL, Gerbeaux, P, Stephens, RTT, & Leathwick, JR (2011). Applying systematic conservation planning principles to palustrine and inland saline wetlands of New Zealand. Freshwater Biology, 56(1), 142–161. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02412.x

Australian and New Zealand Governments (2018). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Australian and New Zealand Governments and Australian State and Territory Governments. anberra ACT, Australia. Retrieved from waterquality.gov.au/anz-guidelines

Baillie, BR, & Neary, DG (2015). Water quality in New Zealand’s planted forests: a review. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 45(1). doi.org/10.1186/s40490-015-0040-0

Baker, CF (2006). Predation of inanga (Galaxias maculatus) eggs by field mice (Mus musculus). Journal of the Royal Society Te Aparangi, 36(4), 143–147. doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2006.9517806

Ball, A (2007). Estimation of the burden of water-borne disease in New Zealand: Preliminary report. Ministry of Health. Retrieved from health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/water-borne-disease-burden-prelim-report-feb07-v2.pdf

Basher, LR, Hicks, DM, Clapp, B, & Hewitt, T (2011). Sediment yield response to large storm events and forest harvesting, Motueka River, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45(3), 333–356. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2011.570350

Belliss, S, Shepherd, JD, Newsome, P, & Dymond, J (2017). An analysis of wetland loss between 2001/02 and 2015/16. Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research Contract Report no. LC2798.

Bennett, H, Jones, R, Keating, G, Woodward, A, Hales, S, & Metcalfe, S (2014). Health and equity impacts of climate change in Aotearoa-New Zealand, and health gains from climate action. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1406), 16–31.

Bereiter, B, Eggleston, S, Schmitt, J, Nehrbass-Ahles, C, Stocker, TF, Fischer, H, Kipfstuhl, S, & Chappellaz, J (2015). Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600-kyr before present. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(2), 542–549. doi.org/10.1002/2014GL06195

Bernot, MJ, Bernot, RJ, & Matthaei, CD (2019). Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in freshwaters in Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 53(1), 3–14. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2018.1457062

Biggs, BJF, & Kilroy, C (2000). Monitoring manual stream periphyton. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/freshwaterpublications/stream-periphyton-monitoring-manual

Blair, RM, Waldron, S, Phoenix, V, & Gauchotte-Lindsay, C (2017). Micro- and nanoplastic pollution of freshwater and wastewater treatment systems. Springer Science Reviews, 5(1–2), 19–30. doi.org/10.1007/s40362-017-0044-7

Booker, D, Cattoën-Gilbert, C, Dudley, B, Henderson, R, McMillan, H, & Yang, J (2017). A pressure-state-impact model for freshwater flows with example application to Canterbury. NIWA, Client Report no. 2017071CH.

Booker, D, & Henderson, R (2019). National water allocation statistics for environmental reporting; 2018. NIWA, Client Report no. 2019049CH.

Booker, D, Rajanayaka, C, & Yang, J (2019). Modelling streamflow depletion from recorded abstractions; application to the Greater Wellington & Manawatu-Wanganui regions. NIWA, Client Report no. 2019048CH.

Booker, D, Snelder, T, Greenwood, M, & Crow, S (2014). Relationships between invertebrate communities and both hydrological regime and other environmental factors across New Zealand’s rivers. Ecohydrology, 8(1), 13–32. doi.org/10.1002/eco.1481

Britton, E, Hales, S, Venugopal, K, & Baker, MG (2010). Positive association between ambient temperature and salmonellosis notifications in New Zealand, 1965–2006. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 126–129. doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00495.x

Burdon, FJ, McIntosh, AR, & Harding, JS (2013). Habitat loss drives threshold response of benthic invertebrate communities to deposited sediment in agricultural streams. Ecological Applications, 23(5), 1036–1047. doi.org/10.1890/12-1190.1

Callander, P, Lough, H, & Steffens, C (2011). New Zealand Guidelines for the Monitoring and Management of Sea Water Intrusion Risks on Groundwater. PDP, job reference no. C02085500. Retrieved from envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/420-NLRC50-Guidelinesfor-the-monitoring-and-management-of-sea-water-intrusion-risks-on-groundwater.pdf

Cameron, S, & White, P (2004). Determination of key indicators to determine groundwater quantity in New Zealand aquifers. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Client Report no. 2004/111. Retrieved from docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/CamSGDete.pdf

Cañedo-Argüelles, M, Kefford, BJ, Piscart, C, Prat, N, Schäfer, RB, & Schulz, CJ (2013). Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue. Environmental Pollution, 173, 157–167. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.10.011

Canfield, D, & Langeland, K (1985). Relations between water transparency and maximum depth of macrophyte colonization in lakes. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 23, 25–28.

Cann, KF, Thomas, DR, Salmon, RL, Wyn-Jones, AP, & Kay, D (2013). Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease. Epidemiology and Infection, 141(4), 671–686. doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812001653

Cardinale, BJ, Duffy, JE, Gonzalez, A, Hooper, DU, Perrings, C, Venail, P, … & Naeem S (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401), 59-67. doi.org/10.1038/nature11148

Catlin, AK, Collier, KJ, & Duggan, IC (2017). Zooplankton generation following inundation of floodplain soils: Effects of vegetation type and riverine connectivity. Marine and Freshwater Research, 68, 76–86. dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF15273

Champeau, O, & Tremblay, L (2013). Ecotoxicity review of 26 Pesticides. Cawthron Institute, Report no. 2357.

Champion, P, Dugdale, T, & Taumoepeau, A (2002). The aquatic vegetation of 33 Northland lakes. NIWA, Client Report no. NRC01203.

Chapman, RB (2010). A review of insecticide use on pastures and forage crops in New Zealand. AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Clapcott, JE, Young, RG, Harding, JS, Matthael, CD, Quinn, JM, & Death, RG (2011). Sediment assessment methods: Protocols and guidelines for assessing the effects of deposited fine sediment on in-stream values. Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.

Clapcott, J, Young, R, Sinner, J, Wilcox, M, Storey, R, Quinn, J, Daughney, C, & Canning, A (2018). Freshwater biophysical ecosystem health framework. Cawthron Institute, Report no. 3194 104.

Clarkson, B, Ausseil, A, & Gerbeaux, P (2013). Wetland Ecosystem Services. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends (pp192–202). Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.

Clarkson, BR, Overton, JM, & Ausseil, AGE (2015). Towards quantitative limits to maintain the ecological integrity of freshwater wetlands: Interim report. Landcare Research, Contract report LC1933.

Clarkson, BD, Wehi, PM, & Brabyn, LK (2007). A spatial analysis of indigenous cover patterns and implications for ecological restoration in urban centres, New Zealand. Urban Ecosystems, 10, 441–457. doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0035-6

Clayton, J, & Champion, P (2006). Risk assessment method for submerged weeds in New Zealand hydroelectric lakes. Hydrobiology, 570, 183–188. doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0179-z

Close, M, & Humphries, B (2019). National Survey of Pesticides and Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in Groundwater 2018. ESR, Client Report no. CSC19016.

Coffin, A (2018). Mātauranga Māori knowledge networks. Waikato Regional Council, Technical Report no. 2018/42. Retrieved from waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/WRC-2019/TR201842.pdf

Collier, KJ, Clearwater, SJ, Harmsworth, G, Taura, Y, & Reihana, K (2017). Physical and chemical attributes affecting survival and collection of freshwater mahinga kai species. Environmental Research Institute report no. 106.

Collier, KJ, & Grainger, NPJ (2015). New Zealand invasive fish management handbook. Lake Ecosystem Restoration New Zealand. Hamilton, New Zealand: The University of Waikato and Department of Conservation.

Collins, D (2013). Physical changes to New Zealand’s freshwater ecosystems under climate change. In H Robertson, S Bowie, R Death, & D Collins (Eds) Freshwater conservation under a changing climate. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by the Department of Conservation, 10–11 December 2013 (pp9–13). Retrieved from doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/climate-change-proceedings.pdf

Collins, D, Montgomery, K, & Zammit, C (2018). Hydrological projections for New Zealand rivers under climate change. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018193CH. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Climate Change/Hydrological projectionsreport-final.pdf

Collins, D, Zammit, C, Willsman, A, & Henderson, R (2015). Surface water components of New Zealand’s National Water Accounts, 1995–2014. NIWA, Client Report no. CHC2015-013-v2.

Conway, J, & Perwick, A (2018). NZDF PFAS Investigation – Summary Report : RNZAF Base Ohakea, Stage D. PDP, job reference no. A02684802. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Land/A02684802R005_SummaryReport.pdf

Cornelison, C, Kirs, M, Gilprin, B, & Scholes, P (2012). Microbial source tracking (MST) tools for water quality monitoring. Cawthron Institute, report no. 2047. Retrieved from envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/Microbial20Source20Tracking20Tools20for20Water20Quality20Monitoring.pdf

Crow, S, Tipa, G, Booker, D, & Nelson, K (2018). Relationships between Māori values and streamflow: tools for incorporating cultural values into freshwater management decisions. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(4), 626–642. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2018.1499538

Daughney, C, & Reeves, R (2005). Definition of hydrochemical facies in the New Zealand National Groundwater Monitoring Programme. Journal of Hydrology New Zealand, 44(2), 105–130. jstor.org/stable/43944920?seq=1

de Winton, MD, Champion, PD, Clayton, JS, & Wells, RDS (2009). Spread and status of seven submerged pest plants in New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 43(2), 547–561. doi.org/10.1080/00288330909510021

Dean, S, Rosier, S, Carey-Smith, T, & Stott, P (2013). The role of climate change in the two day extreme rainfall in Golden Bay, New Zealand, December 2011 [in “Explaining extreme events of 2012 from a climate perspective”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94(9), S61–S63.

Deep South National Science Challenge (2018). Te Hiku O Te Ika Climate Change Project. Retrieved from deepsouthchallenge.co.nz/projects/drinking-water-te-hiku-o-te-ika

Deloitte (2018). Water Bottling in New Zealand: Industry overview and initial analysis of potential charges. Prepared for The Ministry for the Environment by Deloitte.

Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) (2018). Three Water Review, Cost Estimates for upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plants to meet objectives of the NPS Freshwater. Retrieved from dia.govt.nz/Three-waters-review#Reports

Drewry, JJ, Cameron, KC, & Buchan, GD (2008). Pasture yield and soil physical property responses to soil compaction from treading and grazing – A review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46(3), 237–256. doi.org/10.1071/SR07125

Dudley, B, Zeldis, J, & Burge, O (2017). New Zealand Coastal Water Quality Assessment. NIWA, Client Report no. 2016093CH.

Elliot, A, Alexander, R, Schwarz, G, Shankar, U, Sukias, J, & McBride, G (2005). Estimation of nutrient sources and transport for New Zealand using the hybrid mechanistic-statistical model SPARROW. Journal of Hydrology New Zealand, 44(1), 1–27.

Elliott, S, Callachan, S, Conland, N, Daughney, C, Eikaas, H, Eyers, D, … & Wakelin, S (2017). Interoperable models for land and water. NIWA Client Report no. 2017239HN.

Fahey, B, & Marden, M (2006). Forestry effects on sediment yield and erosion. In G Eyles & B Fahey (Eds), Pakuratahi – Tamingimingi Land Use Study Report (pp 51–62). Napier, New Zealand: Hawkes Bay Regional Council.

Fenwick, G, Greenwood, M, Williams, E, Milne, J, & Watene-rawiri, E (2018). Groundwater Ecosystems: Functions, values, impacts and management. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018184CH.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (nd). FAOSTAT. Pesticides Use. Retrieved 4 February 2020, from fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP

Frame, D, Rosier, S, Carey-Smith, T, Harrington, L, Dean, S, & Noy, I (2018). Estimating financial costs of climate change in New Zealand. Retrieved from treasury.govt.nz/publications/commissioned-report/estimating-financial-costs-climate-change-nz

Franklin, B, Gee, E, Baker, C, & Bowie, S (2018). New Zealand Fish Passage Guidelines for structure up to 4 meters. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018019HN. Retrieved from niwa.co.nz/static/web/freshwater-and-estuaries/NZ-FishPassageGuidelines-upto4m-NIWA-DOC-NZFPAG.pdf

Franklin, PA (2014). Dissolved oxygen criteria for freshwater fish in New Zealand: A revised approach. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 48(1), 112–126. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2013.827123

Fuller, I, Richardson, J, Basher, L, Dykes, R, & Vale, S (2011). Responses to River Management? Geomorphic Change over Decadal and Annual Timescales in Two Gravel-bed Rivers in New Zealand. In DA Molina (Ed), River Channels: Types, Dynamics and Changes (pp137–164). Nova Science Publishers.

Gallegos, CL (2001). Calculating optical water quality targets to restore and protect submersed aquatic vegetation: Overcoming problems in partitioning the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation. Estuaries, 24(3), 381–397. doi.org/10.2307/1353240

Gerbeaux, P, Champion, P, & Dunn, N (2016). Conservation of fresh waters. In PG Jellyman, TJA Davie, CP Pearson, & JS Harding (Eds), Advances in New Zealand Freshwater Science (pp573–594). New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society and New Zealand Hydrological Society.

Gillanders, B, & Kingsford, M (2002). Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on estuarine and open coastal habitats and the associated organisms. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 40, 233–309.

Gilpin, B, Chappell, A, Robson, B, & Devane, M (2011). Faecal Source Tracking : Applications to surface and groundwater in Gisborne. ESR, Technical Report no. CSC 11007. Retrieved from gdc.govt.nz/assets/Files/Planning-Policy/Regional/Freshwater-Reports/ESR-Faecal-Sorce-Tracking.pdf

Gluckman, P, Cooper, B, Howard-Williams, C, Larned, S, & Quinn, J (2017). New Zealand’s fresh waters: values, state, trends and human impacts. Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. Retrieved from pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/PMCSAFreshwater-Report.pdf

Goodman, JM (2018). Conservation, ecology and management of migratory galaxiids and the whitebait fishery. A summary of current knowledge and information gaps. Department of Conservation. Retrieved from doc.govt.nz/about-us/science-publications/conservation-publications/land-and-freshwater/freshwater/conservation-ecology-and-management-of-migratory-galaxiids-and-thewhitebait-fishery/

Graynoth, E, Jellyman, D, & Bonnett, M (2008). Spawning escapement of female longfin eels. NIWA, New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report no. 2008/7.

Hageman, KJ, Aebig, CHF, Luong, KH, Kaserzon, SL, Wong, CS, Reeks, T, … & Matthaei, CD (2019). Current-use pesticides in New Zealand streams: Comparing results from grab samples and three types of passive samplers. Environmental Pollution, 254, 1-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112973

Hamilton, DP, McBride, CG, Özkundakci, D, Schallenberg, M, Verburg, P, de Winton, M, … & Ye, W (2013). Effects of climate change on New Zealand lakes. In CR Goldman, M Kumagai, & RD Robarts (Eds), Climate Change and Inland Waters: Impacts and Mitigation for Ecosystems and Societies (pp337–366). John Wiley & Sons. doi.org/10.1002/9781118470596.ch19

Harding, J, Clapcott, J, Quinn, J, Hayes, J, Joy, M, Storey, … & Boothroyd, I (2009). Stream Habitat Assessment Protocols for wadeable rivers and streams of New Zealand. School of Biological Sciences. Christchurch, New Zealand: University of Canterbury.

Harmsworth, G (2002). Coordinated Monitoring of New Zealand Wetlands, Phase 2, Goal 2: Māori environmental performance indicators for wetland condition and trend. Landcare Research, Report no. LC 0102/099.

Harmsworth, G, & Awatere, S (2013). Indigenous Māori Knowledge and Perspectives of Ecosystems. In JR Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends (pp274–286). Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.

Harmsworth, G, & Warmenhoven, T (2002). The Waiapu project: Māori community goals for enhancing ecosytem health. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Landcare Research.

Hayes, JW, Goodwin, EO, Clapcott, JE, & Shearer, KA (2019). The influence of natural flow and temperature and introduced brown trout on the temporal variation in native fish abundance in a “reference” stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 76(5), 705–722. doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0033

Hendrikx, J, Hreinsson, EÖ, Clark, MP, & Mullan, AB (2012). The potential impact of climate change on seasonal snow in New Zealand: Part I-an analysis using 12 GCMs. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 110(4), 607–618. doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0711-1

Hendy, J, Kerr S, Halliday, A, Ausseil, AG, Owen, S, Burton, R, … & Zammit, C (2018). Drought and climate change adaptation: Impacts and projections. Motu Note: 31. Retrieved from motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/climate-change-impacts/droughtand-climate-change-adaptation-impacts-and-projections/

Hennessy, K, Fitzharris, B, Bates, BC, Harvey, N, Howden, SM, Hughes, L, … & Woodruff, R (2007). Australia and New Zealand. In ML Parry, OF Canziani, JP Palutikof, PJ van der Linden, & CE Hanson (Eds), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp507–540). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg2-chapter11-1.pdf

Henwood, W, Brockbank, T, Barnes, HM, Moriarty, E, Zammit, C, & McCreanor, T (2019). Enhancing drinking water quality in remote Māori communities: Climate change, microbes and Mātauranga Māori. MAI Journal, 8(2), 97–109. doi.org/10.20507/MAIJournal.2019.8.2.1

Hickford, MJH, & Schiel, DR (2011). Population sinks resulting from degraded habitats of an obligate life-history pathway. Oecologia, 166, 131–140. doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1834-7

Hicks, BJ, Ling, N, & Wilson, BJ (2010). Introduced fish. In KJ Collier, DP Hamilton, WNB Vant, & C Howard Williams (Eds), The Waters of the Waikato: Ecology of New Zealand’s longest river (pp209–215). Hamilton, New Zealand: Environment Waikato and the Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research (The University of Waikato).

Holmes, R, Fuller, I, & Death, R (2018). Potential indicators of river habitat modification for national monitoring. Cawthron Institute, report no. 3179. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/fresh-water/potential-indicators-of-river-habitat-modification-nationalmonitoring

Hudson, HR, & Harding, JS (2004). Drainage management in New Zealand. A review of existing activities and alternative management practices. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.

Institute for Environmental Science and Research (ESR) (2019). Notifiable Diseases in New Zealand Annual Report 2017. ESR. Client Report no. FW18030. Retrieved from surv.esr.cri.nz

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Core Writing Team RK Pachauri and LA Meyer, (eds.)]. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

James, A, Dewson, Z, & Death, R (2008). The effect of experimental flow reductions on macroinvertebrate drift in natural and streamside channels. River Research and Applications, 24, 22–35.

Jellyman, D (2012). The status of longfin eels in New Zealand – an overview of stocks and harvest. NIWA, Client Report no. CHC2012-006-revised.

Jellyman, DJ, Graynoth, E, Francis, RICC, Chisnall, BL, & Beentjes, MP (2000). A review of evidence for a decline in the abundance of longfinned eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) in New Zealand. NIWA, Final Research Report for Ministry of Fisheries Research Project EEL9802.

Jellyman, PG, & Harding, JS (2016). Disentangling the stream community impacts of Didymosphenia geminata: How are higher trophic levels affected? Biological Invasions, 18(12), 3419–3435. doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1233-z

Jones, C, & Hickford, M (2019). Indigenous peoples and the state: International perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi. New York: Routledge. Available at: crcpress.com/Indigenous-Peoples-and-the-State-International-Perspectives-on-the-Treaty/Hickford-Jones/p/book/9780367895440

Jowett, IG, Richardson, J, & Boubée, JAT (2009). Effects of riparian manipulation on stream communities in small streams: Two case studies. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 43(3), 763–774. doi.org/10.1080/00288330909510040

Joy, MK, & Death, RG (2004). Application of the index of biotic integrity methodology to New Zealand freshwater fish communities. Environmental Management, 34(3), 415–428. doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0083-0

Joy, MK, Foote, KJ, McNie, P, & Piria, M (2018). Decline in New Zealand’s freshwater fish fauna: effect of land use. Marine and Freshwater Research, 70, 114–124. doi.org/10.1071/MF18028

Julian, JP, De Beurs, KM, Owsley, B, Davies-Colley, RJ, & Ausseil, AGE (2017). River water quality changes in New Zealand over 26 years: Response to land use intensity. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(2), 1149–1171. doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1149-2017

Kaye-Blake, B, Schilling, C, Nixon, C, & Destremau, K (2014). Water management in New Zealand, A road map for understanding water value. NZIER public discussion paper. New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, Wellington, New Zealand.

Kennedy, P, Allen, G, & Wilson, N (2016). The management of hydrocarbons in stormwater runoff: a literature review. Golder Associates (NZ), Technical Report no. 2016/010.

Kennedy, P, & Sutherland, S (2008). Urban Sources of Copper, Lead and Zinc. Golder Associates (NZ), Technical Report no. 2008/023. Retrieved from aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/technicalpublications/TR2008_023%20-%20Urban%20sources%20of%20copper,%20lead%20and%20zinc.pdf

Kettles, H, & Bell, R (2016). Estuarine ecosystems. In H Robertson, S Bowie, R Death, & D Collins (Eds), Freshwater conservation under a changing climate. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by the Department of Conservation, 10–11 December 2013, Wellington (pp24–30). Retrieved from doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/climate-change-proceedings.pdf

Kilroy, C, Whitehead, A, Howard, S, & Greenwood, M (2019). Modelling periphyton in New Zealand rivers Part 1. An analysis of current data and development of national predictions. NIWA, Client Report no. 2019002CH. Available at mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Fresh%20water/modelling-periphyton-in-nz-rivers-part1.pdf

King, D, & Penny, G (2006). The 2nd Māori Climate Forum – Hongoeka Marae, Plimmerton: Summary Report. NIWA, Client Report no. AKL2006–099.

King, DN, Penny, G, & Severne, C (2010). The climate change matrix facing Māori society. In RAC Nottage, DS Wratt, JF Bornman, & K Jones (Eds), Climate change adaptation in New Zealand: Future scenarios and some sectoral perspectives (pp100–111). Wellington: New Zealand Climate Change Centre.

Kopp, RE, Horton, RM, Little, CM, Mitrovica, JX, Oppenheimer, M, Rasmussen, DJ, … & Tebaldi, C (2014). Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites. Earth’s Future, 2(8), 383–406. doi.org/10.1002/2014ef000239

Kusabs, IA, Quinn, JM, & Hamilton, DP (2015). Effects of benthic substrate, nutrient enrichment and predatory fish on freshwater crayfish (koura, Paranephrops planifrons) population characteristics in seven Te Arawa (Rotorua) lakes, North Island, New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research, 66(7), 631–643. doi.org/10.1071/MF14148

Landman, MJ, Van Den Heuvel, MR, & Ling, N (2005). Relative sensitivities of common freshwater fish and invertebrates to acute hypoxia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39(5), 1061–1067. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2005.9517375

Larned, S, Booker, D, Dudley, B, Moores, J, Monaghan, R, Zeldis, J, & Pearson, C (2018). Land-use impacts on freshwater and marine environments in New Zealand. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018127CH

Larned, S, Snelder, T, Whitehead, A, & Fraser, C (2019). Water quality state and trends in New Zealand lakes: Analyses of national data ending in 2017. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018359CH. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/fresh-water/water-qualitystate-and-trends-new-zealand-lakes-analyses-of-national-data

Ledgard, G (2013). Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment losses from rural land uses in Southland. Environment Southland, Technical Report no. 2013–7.

Local Government New Zealand (LGNZ) (2014). Exploring the issues facing New Zealand’s water, wastewater and stormwater sector. Castalia Strategic Advisors. Retrieved from lgnz.co.nz/assets/Publications/6eb724ebbd/LGNZ-3-Waters-Issues-Paper.pdf

Lüthi, D, Le Floch, M, Bereiter, B, Blunier, T, Barnola, JM, Siegenthaler, U, … & Stocker, TF (2008). High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature, 453(7193), 379–382. doi.org/10.1038/nature06949

Lyver, P, Timoti, P, Gormley, A, Jones, C, Richardson, S, Tahi, B, & Greenhalgh, S (2017a). Key Māori values strengthen the mapping of forest ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services, 27, 92–102. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.08.009

Lyver, P, Timoti, P, Jones, C, Richardson, S, Tahi, B, & Greenhalgh, S (2017b). An indigenous community-based monitoring system for assessing forest health in New Zealand. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 3183–3212. doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1142-6

Mackay, AD (2008). Impacts of intensification of pastoral agriculture on soils: Current and emerging challenges and implications for future land uses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 56(6), 281–288. doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2008.36848

Maddock, I (1999). The importance of physical habitat assessment for evaluating river health. Freshwater Biology, 41(2), 373–391.

Manderson, A (2018). Mapping the extent of artificial drainage in New Zealand. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Contract report no. LC3325.

Manktelow, D, Stevens, P, Walker, J, Gurnsey, S, Park, N, Zabkiewicz, J, Teulon, D, & Rahman, A (2005). Trends in Pesticide Use in New Zealand: 2004. HortResearch, Client Report no. 17962.

Matthaei, CD, Piggott, JJ, & Townsend, CR (2010). Multiple stressors in agricultural streams: interactions among sediment addition, nutrient enrichment and water abstraction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 639–649. besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01809.x

McDowall, RM (2000). The Reed Field Guide to New Zealand Freshwater Fishes. Dunedin, New Zealand: Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd.

McDowall, RM (2010). New Zealand freshwater fishes: an historical and ecological biogeography. Fish and Fisheries Series part 32. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

McDowall, RM (2011). Ikawai: Freshwater fishes in Māori culture and economy. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press.

McDowell, RW, Drewry, JJ, Paton, RJ, Carey, PL, Monaghan, RM, & Condron, LM (2003). Influence of soil treading on sediment and phosphorus losses in overland flow. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41(5), 949–961. doi.org/10.1071/SR02118

McDowell, R, Hedley, M, Pletnyakov, P, Rissmann, C, Catto, W, & Patrick, W (2019). Why are median phosphorus concentrations improving in New Zealand streams and rivers? Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49(2), 143–170. doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1576213

McDowell, RW, Snelder, TH, & Cox, N (2013). Establishment of reference conditions and trigger values for chemical, physical and microbiological indicators in New Zealand streams and rivers. Mosgiel, New Zealand: AgResearch.

McGlone, MS (1989). The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12, 115–129.

McGlone, M, & Walker, S (2011). Potential effects of climate change on New Zealand’s terrestrial biodiversity and policy recommendations for mitigation, adaptation and research. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.

McGlone, M, Walker, S, Hay, R, & Christie, J (2010). Climate change, natural systems and their conservation in New Zealand. In R Nottage, D Wratt, J Bornman, & K Jones (Eds), Climate Change Adaptation in New Zealand (pp82–99). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Climate Change Centre.

McIntosh, AR, McHugh, PA, Dunn, NR, Goodman, JM, Howard, SW, Jellyman, PG, … & Woodford, DJ (2010). The impact of trout on galaxiid fishes in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 34(1), 195–206. researchgate.net/publication/255602157_The_Impact_of_Trout_on_Galaxiid_Fishes_in_New_Zealand

Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2017a). National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014 (Updated August 2017 to incorporate amendments from the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Amendment Order 2017). Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/fresh-water/national-policy-statement-freshwater-management-2014-amended-2017

Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2017b). Coastal hazards and climate change: guidance for local government. Ministry for the Environment. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/coastal-hazards-andclimate-change-guidance-local-government

Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2018a). New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2016. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/state-of-our-atmosphere-and-climate/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory

Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2018b). Climate change projections for New Zealand: atmosphere projections based on simulations from the IPCC fifth assessment, 2nd edition. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/climate-changeprojections-new-zealand

Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2020). Fish Index of Biotic Integrity in New Zealand Rivers 1999–2018. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/publications/environmental-reporting/fish-index-of-biotic-integrity-new-zealand-rivers

Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (2017a). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our fresh water 2017. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz and stats.govt.nz

Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (2017b). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our atmosphere and climate 2017. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz and stats.govt.nz

Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (2019a). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2019. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz and stats.govt.nz

Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ (2019b). New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our marine environment 2019. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz and stats.govt.nz

Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2014). Fisheries assessment plenary, May 2014: stock assessments and stock status. Compiled by the Fisheries Science Group, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington: New Zealand.

Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2015). Waimea Plans: A freshwater quantity management case study. MPI Technical Paper no. 2015/24.

Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) (2020). Pest and disease search. Didymo. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from mpi.govt.nz/protection-and-response/finding-and-reporting-pests-and-diseases/pest-and-disease-search?article=1675

Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) (2018). Energy in New Zealand 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from mbie.govt.nz/assets/d7c93162b8/energy-in-nz-18.pdf

Ministry of Health (2020). List of diseases notifiable by health practitioners and laboratories to the Medical Officer of Health. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/notifiable-diseases

Moreau, M, Hadfield, J, Hughey, J, Sanders, F, Lapworth, DJ, White, D, & Civil, W (2019). A baseline assessment of emerging organic contaminants in New Zealand groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 425–439. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.210

Morgan, TKKB (2006). An indigenous perspective on water recycling. Desalinisation, 187, 127–136. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916405007265

Morgenstern, U, & Daughney, C (2012). Groundwater age for identification of baseline groundwater quality and impacts of land-use intensification – The National Groundwater Monitoring Programme of New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology, 456–457, 79–93. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.010

Morgenstern, U, Daughney, CJ, Leonard, G, Gordon, D, Donath, FM, & Reeves, R (2015). Using groundwater age and hydrochemistry to understand sources and dynamics of nutrient contamination through the catchment into Lake Rotorua, New Zealand. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(2), 803–822. doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-803-2015

Moriarty, E, & Gilpin, B (2009). Faecal source tracking in the Avon River, Christchurch March – May 2009. Environment Canterbury, Report No. R09/67.

Myers, S, Clarkson, B, Reeves, P, & Clarkson, B (2013). Wetland management in New Zealand: Are current approaches and policies sustaining wetland ecosystems in agricultural landscapes? Ecological Engineering, 56, 107–120.

Neubauer, SC, Franklin, RB, & Berrier, DJ (2013). Saltwater intrusion into tidal freshwater marshes alters the biogeochemical processing of organic carbon. Biogeosciences, 10(12), 8171–8183. doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8171-2013

Ngāi Tūāhuriri Rūnanga, Te Hapū o Ngāti Wheke (Rāpaki), Te Rūnanga o Koukourārata, Ōnuku Rūnanga, Wairewa Rūnanga, Te Taumutu Rūnanga (2013). Mahaanui Iwi Management Plan 2013. Mahaanui Kurataiao Ltd. Available at mahaanuikurataiao.co.nz/iwi-management-plan/

Nicholls, JL (1980). The past and present extent of New Zealand’s indigenous forests. Environmental Conservation, 7(4), 309–310. doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900008122

Nilsson, C, & Malm-Renöfält, B (2008). Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers: A challenge to adaptive catchment management. Ecology and Society, 13(2): 18.

NIWA (nd). Water dams. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/land-use/watertake%2C-dam%2C-divert2/take

NIWA (2015). Harvesting and supplying flood water to irrigators, on demand. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from niwa.co.nz/publications/isu/instrument-systems-update-21-november-2015/harvesting-and-supplying-flood-water-to-irrigators-on-demand

NIWA (2016). Implications of climate change for New Zealand’s freshwaters. Freshwater Update 71. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/freshwater-and-estuaries-update/freshwater-update-71-november-2016/implications-of-climatechange-for

NIWA (2018). Water storage solutions for irrigation schemes. Retrieved from niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/freshwaterand-estuaries-update/freshwater-update-77-may-2018/water-storage-solutions-for-irrigation

NIWA (2019). Koi carp, common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758. Retrieved from niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/fishatlas/species/fish-species/koi_carp

Noble, M, Duncan, P, Perry, D, Prosper, K, Rose, D, Schnierer, S, … & Pittock, J (2016). Culturally significant fisheries: Keystones for management of freshwater social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 21(2): 22. doi.org/10.5751/ES-08353-210222

NORMAN Network (2016). Emerging substances: Why do we need to address emerging substances? Retrieved from normannetwork.net/?q=node/19

O’Donnell, C, Sanders, M, Woolmore, C, & Maloney, R (2016). Management and research priorities for conserving biodiversity on New Zealand’s braided rivers. Wellington: Department of Conservation.

Olsen, D, Tremblay, L, Clapcott, J, & Holmes, R (2012). Water temperature criteria for native aquatic biota. Auckland Council, Technical Report no. 2012/036.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2019). Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses: Policy highlights. OECD Studies on Water. Paris: OECD Publishing. oecd.org/publications/pharmaceuticalresidues-in-freshwater-c936f42d-en.htm

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2020). Water withdrawals. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from data.oecd.org/water/water-withdrawals.htm

Pacheco, D, Waghorn, G, & Rollo, M (2018). Methodology for splitting nitrogen between livestock dung and urine. MPI, Technical Paper no. 2018/72.

Parfitt, RL, Stevenson, BA, Dymond, JR, Schipper, LA, Baisden, WT, & Ballantine, DJ (2012). Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand from 1990 to 2010 at national and regional scales. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 55(3), 241–262. doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2012.676991

Paulik, R, Craig, H, & Collins, D (2019). New Zealand Fluvial and Pluvial Flood Exposure. NIWA, Client Report no. 2019118WN.

Pearson, L (2015). Artificial subsurface drainage in Southland. Environment Southland, Technical Publication No. 2015–07.

Petrie, B, Barden, R, & Kasprzyk-Hordern, B (2015). A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Research, 72, 3–27. doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053

Piggott, JJ, Lange, K, Townsend, CR, & Matthaei, CD (2012). Multiple stressors in agricultural streams: a mesocosm study of interactions among raised water temperature, sediment addition and nutrient enrichment. PLS ONE, 7(11). doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049873

Quinn, J (2000). Effects of pastoral development on invertebrates. In KJ Collier & MJ Winterbourn (Eds), New Zealand stream invertebrates: ecology and implications for management (pp208–229). Christchurch: New Zealand Limnological Society.

Reed, J (2011). Identifying Sources of Faecal Contamination in Coastal Waters and Shellfish in Northland’s Harbours. Northland Regional Council.

Richardson, J, Williams, EK, & Hickey, CW (2001). Avoidance behaviour of freshwater fish and shrimp exposed to ammonia and low dissolved oxygen separately and in combination. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35(3), 625–633. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2001.9517028

Robertson, H, Ausseil, A-G, Rance, B, Betts, H, & Pomeroy, E (2018). Loss of wetlands since 1990 in Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 43(1). doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.43.3

Rodríguez, JF, Saco, PM, Sandi, S, Saintilan, N, & Riccardi, G (2017). Potential increase in coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise suggested by considering hydrodynamic attenuation effects. Nature Communications, 8: 16094. doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16094

Rolando, C, Baillie, B, Withers, T, Bulman, L, & Garrett, L (2016). Pesticide use in planted forests in New Zealand. NZ Journal of Forestry, 61(2), 3–10.

Rosier, S, Dean, S, Stuart, S, Carey-Smith, T, Black, M, & Massey, N (2015). Extreme rainfall in early July 2014 in Northland, New Zealand – Was there an anthropogenic influence? [in “Explaining Extreme Events of 2014 from a Climate Perspective”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96, s136–s140. journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00105.1

Rowe, DK (2007). Exotic fish introductions and the decline of water clarity in small North Island, New Zealand lakes: A multi-species problem. Hydrobiologia, 583(1), 345–358. doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0646-1

Royal Society Te Apārangi (2016). Climate change implications for New Zealand. Available at royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/Climate-change-implications-for-NZ-2016-report-web.pdf

Royal Society Te Apārangi (2017). Human Health Impacts of Climate Change for New Zealand: Evidence summary. Available at royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/Report-Human-Health-Impacts-of-Climate-Change-for-New-Zealand-Oct-2017.pdf

Ryan, PA, & Ryan, AP (2006). Impacts of global warming on New Zealand freshwater organisms: a preview and review. New Zealand Natural Sciences, 31, 43–57.

Schallenberg M, De Winton M, Verburg P, Kelly D, Hamill K, & Hamilton D (2013). Ecosystem Services of Lakes. In J Dymond (Ed), Ecosystem services in New Zealand – Conditions and trends (pp203–225). Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. 203–225.

Schallenberg, M, Hall, CJ, & Burns, CW (2003). Consequences of climate-induced salinity increases on zooplankton abundance and diversity in coastal lakes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 173, 157–167. doi.org/10.3354/meps251181

Schallenberg, M, & Sorrell, B (2009). Regime shifts between clear and turbid water in New Zealand lakes: Environmental correlates and implications for management and restoration. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 43(3), 701–712.

Selbie, D, Watkins, N, Wheeler, D, & Shepherd, M (2013). Understanding the distribution and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in OVERSEER®. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 75, 113–118.

Shaw, IC, & King-Hudson, TR (2019). Minimal risk of PFOS residues in eel to Māori consumers. New Zealand Medical Journal, 132(1489), 102–104.

Simonson, T, & Hall, G (2019). Vulnerable: the quantum of local government infrastructure exposed to sea level rise. Retrieved from lgnz.co.nz/assets/Uploads/d566cc5291/47716-LGNZ-Sea-Level-Rise-Report-3-Proof-FINAL-compressed.pdf

Sirisena, KA, Daughney, CJ, Moreau-Fournier, M, Ryan, KG, & Chambers, GK (2013). National survey of molecular bacterial diversity of New Zealand groundwater: Relationships between biodiversity, groundwater chemistry and aquifer characteristics. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 86, 490–504. doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12176

Snelder, TH, & Biggs, BJF (2002). Multiscale river environment classification for water resources management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38(5), 1225–1239. doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04344.x

Snelder, T, & Fraser, C (2019). Monitoring change over time. Interpreting water quality trend assessments. LWP, Client Report no. 2019–01.

Stats NZ (2018). Environmental-economic accounts: 2018 (corrected). Retrieved from stats.govt.nz

Stats NZ (2019). Environmental-economic accounts: 2019 (data to 2017). SEEA account. Retrieved from stats.govt.nz

Stewart, M, Northcott, G, Gaw, S, & Tremblay, L (2016). An update on emerging organic contaminants of concern for New Zealand with guidance on monitoring approaches for councils. Auckland Council, Technical Report no. TR2016/006. doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2503.5129

Stewart, M, Phillips, NR, Olsen, G, Hickey, CW, & Tipa, G (2011). Organochlorines and heavy metals in wild caught food as a potential human health risk to the indigenous Māori population of South Canterbury, New Zealand. Science of the Total Environment, 409(11), 2029–2039. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.028

Storey, R (2015). Predicting the effects of water abstraction and land use intensification on gravel bed rivers, a Bayesian network approach. NIWA, Client Report no. HAM2015-130.

Storey, R, & Quinn, J (2007). When the rivers run dry: invertebrate communities in intermittent streams. Water & Atmosphere, 15(2), 16–17.

Timoti, P, Lyver, P, Matamua, R, Jones, C, & Tahi, B (2017). A representation of a tuawhenua worldview guides environmental conservation. Ecology and Society, 22(4), 11. doi.org/10.5751/ES-09768-220420

Tipa, G, & Severne, C (2010). Methodology and analysis tool to identify tangata whenua cultural flows for the Te Arai river catchment. NIWA, Client Report no. HAM2010-036.

Tipa, G, & Teirney, L (2006). A Cultural Health Index for Streams and Waterways : A tool for nationwide use. mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/cultural-health-index-for-streams-and-waterways-tech-report-apr06.pdf

Tomscha, S, Deslippe, J, de Róiste, M, Hartley, S, & Jackson, B (2019). Uncovering the ecosystem service legacies of wetland loss using high-resolution models. Ecosphere, 10(10), 1–22. doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.288

Usio, N, & Townsend, CR (2000). Distribution of the New Zealand crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus in relation to stream physicochemistry, predatory fish, and invertebrate prey. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 34(3), 557–567. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2000.9516957

van der Weerden, T, Styles, T, Rutherford, A, de Klein, C, & Dynes, R (2017). Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine deposited onto soil supporting a winter forage kale crop. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 60(2), 119–130. doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2016.1273838

Vander Zanden, MJ, & Vadeboncoeur, Y (2002). Fishes as integrators of benthic and pelagic food webs in lakes. Ecology, 83(8), 2152–2161.

Verburg, P, Hamill, K, Unwin, M, & Abell, J (2010). Lake water quality in New Zealand 2010: Status and trends. NIWA, Client Report no. HAM2010-107.

Walker, K, & Callander, P (2018). NZDF PFAS Investigation – Summary Report : RNZAF Base Woodbourne, Stage D. PDP, Report no. 2018360CH. Retrieved from mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Land/A02684802R006_SummaryReport.pdf

Watercare (nd). About us. Watercare Services Limited. Retrieved 5 March 2020, from watercare.co.nz/About-us

Watercare (2011). Auckland Regional Water Demand Management Plan. Watercare Services Limited.

Watercare (2019). Annual Report 2019. Watercare Services Limited.

Wells, RDS, de Winton, MD, & Clayton, JS (1997). Successive macrophyte invasions within the submerged flora of Lake Tarawera, Central North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 31(4), 449–459. doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1997.9516778

White, P, Clausen, B, Hunt, B, Cameron, S, & Weir, J (2001). Groundwater-surface water interaction. In MR Rosen & PA White (Eds), Groundwaters of New Zealand (pp133–160). Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Hydrological Society Inc.

Whitehead, A (2018). Spatial modelling of river water-quality state: Incorporating monitoring data from 2013 to 2017. NIWA, Client Report no. 2018360CH.

Whitehead, A, Depree, C, & Quinn, J (2019). Seasonal and temporal variation in water quality in New Zealand rivers and lakes. NIWA, Client Report no. 2019024CH.

Williams, J, Armstrong, G, Katopodis, C, Larinier, M, & Travade, F (2012). Thinking like a fish: A key ingredient for development of effective fish passage facilities at river obstructions. River Research and Application, 28(4): 407–417. doi.org/10.1002/rra.1551

See more on...

An older kid standing in a river, helping a young kid who is sitting in an inflated rate with a paddle.

Environmental reporting series, Acknowledgements, and References

April 2020

© Ministry for the Environment